I-Black oxide noma i-blackening iwukuguqula izinto ezisansimbi, insimbi engagqwali, ama-alloys asekelwe ethusi nasethusi, i-zinc, izinsimbi eziyimpuphu, ne-solder yesiliva.[1]Isetshenziselwa ukwengeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuncane, ukubukeka, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhanya kokukhanya.[2]Ukuze kuzuzwe ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu i-oxide emnyama kufanele ifakwe amafutha noma i-wax.[3]Enye yezinzuzo zayo ngaphezu kwezinye izigqoko ukwakheka kwayo okuncane.
1.Impahla eyinsimbi
I-oxide emnyama evamile i-magnetite (Fe3O4), ezinzile ngokumshini ngaphezulu futhi inikeza ukuvikelwa okungcono kokugqwala kune-red oxide (rust) Fe2O3.Izindlela zesimanje zezimboni zokwenza i-black oxide zihlanganisa izinqubo ezishisayo nezimaphakathi nezinga lokushisa ezichazwe ngezansi.I-oxide ingase futhi yakheke ngenqubo ye-electrolytic ku-anodizing.Izindlela zendabuko zichazwe esihlokweni se-bluing.Zinentshisekelo ngokomlando, futhi ziwusizo futhi kwabathanda ukuzilibazisa ukwenza i-black oxide ngokuphepha ngemishini emincane futhi ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali anobuthi.
I-oxide ephansi yokushisa, echazwe ngezansi, ayiyona into yokuguqula-inqubo yezinga lokushisa eliphansi ayifaki i-oxidize insimbi, kodwa ibeka i-copper selenium compound.
1.1 I-oxide emnyama eshisayo
Amabhavu ashisayo e-sodium hydroxide, ama-nitrate, nama-nitrites ku-141 °C (286 °F) asetshenziselwa ukuguqula ubuso bezinto zibe yi-magnetite (Fe3O4).Amanzi kufanele engezwe ngezikhathi ezithile kubhavu, ngezilawuli ezifanele ukuvimbela ukuqhuma kwesitimu.
Ukushisa okumnyama kuhilela ukucwilisa ingxenye emathangeni ahlukahlukene.I-workpiece ngokuvamile "icwiliswa" ngabathwali bezingxenye ezizenzakalelayo zokuthutha phakathi kwamathangi.Lawa mathangi aqukethe, ngokulandelana, isicoci se-alkaline, amanzi, i-caustic soda ku-140.5 °C (284.9 °F) (inhlanganisela emnyama), futhi ekugcineni isivalo, okuvamise ukuba uwoyela.Isoda ye-caustic kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme lidala ukuthi i-Fe3O4 (i-oxide emnyama) yakheke phezu kwensimbi esikhundleni se-Fe2O3 (i-oxide ebomvu; ukugqwala).Nakuba iminyene ngokomzimba kune-oxide ebomvu, i-black oxide entsha inezimbotshana, ngakho uwoyela ube ususetshenziswa engxenyeni eshisayo, eyivala "ngokucwila" kuyo.Inhlanganisela ivimbela ukugqwala kwe-workpiece.Kunezinzuzo eziningi zokumnyama, ikakhulukazi:
Ukumnyama kungenziwa ngamaqoqo amakhulu (okulungele izingxenye ezincane).
Awukho umthelela wobukhulu obubalulekile (inqubo yokwenza umnyama idale ungqimba olucishe lube ngu-1 µm ubukhulu).
Kushibhe kakhulu kunezinhlelo ezifanayo zokuvikela ukugqwala, njengopende kanye ne-electroplating.
Incazelo endala futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi ye-hot black oxide yi-MIL-DTL-13924, ehlanganisa amakilasi amane ezinqubo zama-substrates ahlukene.Okunye ukucaciswa kufaka phakathi i-AMS 2485, ASTM D769, ne-ISO 11408.
Lena inqubo esetshenziselwa ukwenza izintambo zocingo zibe mnyama zezinhlelo zeshashalazi kanye nemiphumela endizayo.
1.2 I-oxide emnyama ephakathi nendawo
Njenge-oxide emnyama eshisayo, i-oxide emnyama ephakathi nendawo iguqula ubuso bensimbi bube yi-magnetite (Fe3O4).Kodwa-ke, i-oxide emnyama ephakathi nendawo iba mnyama ezingeni lokushisa elingu-90–120 °C (194–248 °F), ngaphansi kakhulu kune-oxide emnyama eshisayo.Lokhu kunenzuzo ngoba kungaphansi kwendawo yokubilisa yesixazululo, okusho ukuthi awekho ama-caustic fumes akhiqizwayo.
Njengoba i-oxide emnyama emaphakathi nezinga lokushisa iqhathaniswa kakhulu ne-hot black oxide, futhi ingahlangabezana nokucaciswa kwezempi kwe-MIL-DTL-13924, kanye ne-AMS 2485.
1.3 I-oxide emnyama ebandayo
I-cold black oxide, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-room oxide emnyama, ifakwa ezingeni lokushisa elingu-20–30 °C (68–86 °F).Akuyona i-oxide conversion coating, kodwa kunalokho i-copper selenium compound.I-cold black oxide inikeza ukukhiqiza okuphezulu futhi ilungele ukwenziwa mnyama endlini.Lokhu kunamathela kukhiqiza umbala ofanayo nalowo okwenziwa ukuguqulwa kwe-oxide, kodwa kuvame ukukhuhla kalula futhi kunikeza ukumelana nokuhuzuka okuncane.Ukufakwa kwamafutha, i-wax, noma i-lacquer kuletha ukumelana nokugqwala kufinyelele ezingeni lokushisa elishisayo namaphakathi.Isicelo esisodwa senqubo ye-oxide emnyama ebandayo kuzoba ekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi nasekuqedeni izakhiwo ensimbi (i-patina yensimbi).Kwaziwa nangokuthi i-blue bluing.
2. Ithusi
Ukubonisa okukhethekile kwe-cupric oxide.svg
I-Black oxide yethusi, ngezinye izikhathi eyaziwa ngegama lokuhweba i-Ebonol C, iguqula indawo yethusi ibe yi-cupric oxide.Ukuze inqubo isebenze indawo engaphezulu kufanele okungenani ibe nama-65% ethusi;ezindaweni zethusi ezinethusi elingaphansi kuka-90% kufanele kuqala kufakwe umuthi ocuphayo.Ukugqoka okuqediwe kuzinzile kumakhemikhali futhi kunamathela kakhulu.Iqinile kuze kufike ku-400 °F (204 °C);ngaphezu kwalokhu kushisa i-coating iyancipha ngenxa ye-oxidation yethusi eliyisisekelo.Ukwandisa ukumelana nokugqwala, indawo engaphezulu ingase ifakwe amafutha, i-lacquered, noma i-wax.Ibuye isetshenziswe njengendlela yokwelapha yangaphambilini yokudweba noma i-enamelling.Indawo engaphezulu ngokuvamile i-satin, kodwa ingaguqulwa ibe cwebezelayo ngokumbozwa koqweqwe lwawo olucacile olucwebezelayo.
Esikalini se-microscopic ama-dendrite akheka endaweni engaphezulu, abamba ukukhanya futhi andise ukumuncwa.Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo ukugqoka kusetshenziselwa i-aerospace, i-microscopy nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanya ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhanya okukhanyayo.
Emabhodini wesifunda aphrintiwe (ama-PCB), ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxide emnyama kunikeza ukunamathela okungcono kwezendlalelo ze-fiberglass laminate.I-PCB icwiliswa kubhavu oqukethe i-hydroxide, i-hypochlorite, ne-cuprate, eyancipha kuzo zontathu izakhi.Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi i-copper oxide emnyama ivela kancane ku-cuprate futhi kancane isuka kumjikelezo wethusi we-PCB.Ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic, asikho isendlalelo se-copper(I) oxide.
Incazelo yezempi yase-US esebenzayo yi-MIL-F-495E.
3. Insimbi engagqwali
I-oksidi emnyama eshisayo yensimbi engagqwali iyingxube ye-caustic, oxidizing, kanye nosawoti wesulfure.Yenza mnyama uchungechunge lwama-300 nama-400 kanye nama-alloys ensimbi engenasici aqiniswe yimvula angu-17-4 PH.Isixazululo singasetshenziswa ku-cast iron kanye nensimbi ene-carbon low.Ukuqeda okuwumphumela kuhambisana nokucaciswa kwezempi kwe-MIL-DTL–13924D Class 4 futhi kunikeza ukumelana nemihuzuko.I-Black oxide finish isetshenziswa kumathuluzi okuhlinza ezindaweni ezinokukhanya kakhulu ukuze kwehliswe ukukhathala kwamehlo.
Ukwenziwa mnyama kwezinga lokushisa kwegumbi kwensimbi engagqwali kwenzeka ngokusabela okuzenzakalelayo kwe-copper-selenide efakwa endaweni yensimbi engagqwali.Inikeza ukumelana nokuhuzuka okuncane kanye nokuvikela ukugqwala okufanayo njengenqubo yokubala emnyama.Isicelo esisodwa sokumnyama kwezinga lokushisa ekamelweni sisekuqedweni kwezakhiwo (i-patina yensimbi engagqwali).
4. Zinc
I-black oxide ye-zinc yaziwa nangegama lokuhweba i-Ebonol Z. Omunye umkhiqizo i-Ultra-Blak 460, eyenza kube mnyama indawo egcwele i-zinc kanye ne-galvanized ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi i-chrome ne-zinc die-casts.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-23-2021