I-prototyping esheshayo

Umshini wokukopisha osheshayo usebenzisa i-selective laser sintering (SLS)

Ukusika imodeli ye-3D
I-Rapid prototyping iyiqembu lamasu asetshenziswa ukwenza ngokushesha imodeli yesikali yengxenye ebonakalayo noma ukuhlanganisa kusetshenziswa idatha ye-computer-aided design (CAD) enezinhlangothi ezintathu.Ukwakhiwa kwengxenye noma umhlangano ngokuvamile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ukuphrinta kwe-3D noma ubuchwepheshe "bokukhiqiza ungqimba olwengeziwe".

Izindlela zokuqala ze-prototyping ngokushesha zatholakala maphakathi nawo-1980 futhi zasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amamodeli nezingxenye ze-prototype.Namuhla, asetshenziselwa uhla olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza futhi asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingxenye zekhwalithi yokukhiqiza ngamanani amancane uma efunwa ngaphandle kwezomnotho ezivamile ezingathandeki zesikhashana.Lo mnotho ukhuthaze amahhovisi ezinsiza ze-inthanethi.Ukuhlolwa komlando kobuchwepheshe be-RP kuqala ngezingxoxo zamasu okukhiqiza i-simulacra asetshenziswa abaqophi bekhulu le-19.Abanye abaqophi bezithombe zesimanje basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezizukulwane ukuze benze imibukiso nezinto ezihlukahlukene.Amandla okukhiqiza kabusha amadizayini kusuka kudathasethi abangele izinkinga zamalungelo, njengoba manje kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa idatha yevolumu kusuka ezithombeni ezinohlangothi olulodwa.

Njengezindlela zokususa ze-CNC, ukuklama okusizwa ngekhompiyutha - ukugeleza komsebenzi kwe-CAD -CAM okusizwa ngekhompiyutha enqubweni evamile ye-prototyping esheshayo kuqala ngokwakhiwa kwedatha yejometri, njengokuqinile kwe-3D kusetshenziswa indawo yokusebenza ye-CAD, noma izingcezu ze-2D zisebenzisa idivayisi yokuskena.Ukuze wenze i-prototyping esheshayo le datha kufanele imele imodeli yejiyomethri evumelekile;okungukuthi, lowo obuso bakhe bomngcele buvale ivolumu elinganiselwe, aqukethe izimbobo ezidalula ingaphakathi, futhi azizisoli emuva.Ngamanye amazwi, into kufanele ibe "ngaphakathi".Imodeli ivumelekile uma ngephuzu ngalinye esikhaleni se-3D ikhompuyutha inganquma ngokukhethekile ukuthi lelo phoyinti lingaphakathi, phezu, noma ngaphandle kwendawo yomngcele wemodeli.Ama-post-processors e-CAD azolinganisa amafomu ejiyomethri angaphakathi e-CAD abathengisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza (isb, B-splines) ngefomu lezibalo elenziwe lula, lona elivezwa ngefomethi yedatha eshiwo isici esivamile ekukhiqizeni okungeziwe: ifomethi yefayela le-STL, indinganiso ye-de facto yokudlulisa amamodeli ejometri aqinile emishinini ye-SFF.

Ukuze uthole ama-trajectories adingekayo okulawula ukunyakaza ukushayela i-SFF yangempela, i-prototyping esheshayo, ukuphrinta kwe-3D noma indlela yokukhiqiza eyengeziwe, imodeli yejiyomethri elungisiwe ngokuvamile isikwa ibe izendlalelo, futhi izingcezu ziskenwa zibe imigqa (ikhiqiza "umdwebo we-2D" osetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza. i-trajectory njengasendleleni yamathuluzi ye-CNC), ukulingisa ngokuhlehlisa inqubo yokwakha ngokomzimba isendlalelo kuya kwesendlalelo.

1. Izindawo zokufaka izicelo
I-prototyping esheshayo ibuye isetshenziswe ngokuvamile kubunjiniyela besofthiwe ukuze kuzanywe amamodeli ebhizinisi amasha kanye nezakhiwo zohlelo lokusebenza ezifana ne-Aerospace, Izimoto, Izinsizakalo Zezezimali, Ukuthuthukiswa Komkhiqizo, Nokunakekelwa Kwezempilo.Idizayini ye-Aerospace kanye namaqembu ezimboni athembele ku-prototyping ukuze akhe izindlela ezintsha ze-AM embonini.Besebenzisa i-SLA bangakwazi ukwenza ngokushesha izinguqulo eziningi zamaphrojekthi wabo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa futhi baqale ukuhlola ngokushesha.I-Rapid Prototyping ivumela abaklami/abathuthukisi ukuthi banikeze umbono onembile wokuthi umkhiqizo oqediwe uzohamba kanjani ngaphambi kokufaka isikhathi nemali eningi ku-prototype.Ukuphrinta kwe-3D okusetshenziselwa i-Rapid Prototyping kuvumela ukuphrinta kwe-Industrial 3D ukuthi kwenzeke.Ngalokhu, ungaba nesikhunta esikhulu ukuze izingxenye ezisele zikhishwe ngokushesha phakathi nesikhathi esifushane.

2. Umlando
Ngeminyaka yawo-1970, uJoseph Henry Condon nabanye eBell Labs basungula i-Unix Circuit Design System (UCDS), benza ngokuzenzakalelayo umsebenzi onzima futhi ovame ukuba namaphutha wokuguqula imidwebo mathupha ukuze benze amabhodi esekethe ngezinjongo zocwaningo nentuthuko.

Ngawo-1980, abenzi bezinqubomgomo base-US kanye nabaphathi bezimboni baphoqeleka ukuthi baqaphele ukuthi ukubusa kweMelika emkhakheni wokukhiqiza amathuluzi emishini kwahwamuka, kulokho okwabizwa ngokuthi inkinga yethuluzi lomshini.Amaphrojekthi amaningi afune ukulwa nalezi zindlela endaweni yendabuko ye-CNC CAM, eyayiqale e-US.Kamuva lapho i-Rapid Prototyping Systems iphuma kumalebhu ukuze idayiswe, kwaqashelwa ukuthi intuthuko yayivele ingeyamazwe ngamazwe futhi izinkampani zase-US ezikhiqiza ngokushesha zazingeke zibe nokunethezeka kokuvumela umthofu uphume.INational Science Foundation ibiyisambulela seNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), uMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, uMnyango Wezohwebo wase-US i-NIST, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US, i-Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), kanye neHhovisi I-Naval Research yaxhumanisa izifundo ukuze zazise abahleli bamasu ezingxoxweni zabo.Omunye umbiko onjalo bekuyi-Rapid Prototyping yango-1997 e-Europe kanye nase-Japan Panel Report lapho u-Joseph J. Beaman umsunguli we-DTM Corporation ehlinzeka ngombono womlando:

Izimpande zobuchwepheshe be-prototyping obusheshayo zingalandelelwa kuzinqubo ze-topography kanye ne-photoculpture.Ngaphakathi kwe-TOPOGRAPHY u-Blanther (1892) uphakamise indlela enezingqimba yokwenza isikhunta samabalazwe esimo sesimo sephepha sosizo aphakanyisiwe .Inqubo yayihilela ukusika imigqa ekhonkolo ochungechungeni lwamapuleti abese estakiwe.U-Matsubara (1974) we-Mitsubishi uhlongoze inqubo ye-topographical ene-photopolymer resin eqinisa isithombe ukuze yakhe izendlalelo ezincane ezipakishwe ukwenza isikhunta esibunjiweyo.I-PHOTOSCULPTURE kwakuyisu lekhulu le-19 ukudala ikhophi enembile yezinto enezinhlangothi ezintathu.Owayedume kakhulu uFrancois Willeme (1860) wabeka amakhamera angama-24 endaweni eyindilinga futhi ngasikhathi sinye wathwebula into.I-silhouette yesithombe ngasinye yabe isisetshenziselwa ukubaza umfanekiso.I-Morioka (1935, 1944) yakha umfanekiso wesithombe esiyingxubevange kanye nenqubo ye-topographic esebenzisa ukukhanya okuhleliwe ukuze enze ngezithombe imigqa ekhonkolo yento.Khona-ke imigqa yayingase ithuthukiswe ibe amashidi futhi isikwe futhi ipakishwe, noma iboniswe phezu kwempahla yesitoko ukuze iqoshwe.Inqubo ye-Munz (1956) iphinde yakhiqiza isithombe esinezinhlangothi ezintathu sento ngokukhetha ngokukhetha, ungqimba ngongqimba, i-emulsion yesithombe kwipiston eyehlisayo.Ngemva kokulungiswa, isilinda esikhanyayo esiqinile siqukethe isithombe sento.

- UJoseph J. Beaman
“I-Origins of Rapid Prototyping - I-RP isuka embonini ye-CAD ekhula njalo, ikakhulukazi, uhlangothi oluqinile lokumodela lwe-CAD.Ngaphambi kokuthi kwethulwe ukumodela okuqinile ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, amamodeli anezinhlangothi ezintathu ayenziwe ngamafreyimu ezintambo kanye nezindawo.Kodwa kuze kube yilapho ukuthuthukiswa kokumodela okuqinile kungase kuthuthukiswe izinqubo ezintsha ezifana ne-RP.UCharles Hull, owasiza ekutholeni i-3D Systems ngo-1986, wasungula inqubo yokuqala ye-RP.Le nqubo, ebizwa nge-stereolithography, yakha izinto ngokulapha izendlalelo ezilandelanayo ezincane zezinhlaka eziwuketshezi ezizwela ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngelaser enamandla aphansi.Ngokwethulwa kwe-RP, amamodeli aqinile e-CAD angavele aphile”.

Ubuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi I-Solid Freeform Fabrication yibona esibubona namuhla njengokwenziwa kwe-prototyping okusheshayo, ukuphrinta kwe-3D noma ukukhiqiza okungeziwe: USwainson (1977), Schwerzel (1984) usebenze ekwenzeni i-polymerization ye-polymer e-photosensitive empambanweni yemishayo emibili ye-laser elawulwa yikhompyutha.U-Ciraud (1972) ubheka i-magnetostatic noma i-electrostatic deposition ene-electron beam, i-laser noma i-plasma yokuvala indawo ehlanganisiwe.Konke lokhu kwahlongozwa kodwa akwaziwa ukuthi imishini yokusebenza yakhiwa yini.U-Hideo Kodama we-Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute waba ngowokuqala ukushicilela i-akhawunti yemodeli eqinile eyakhiwe kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-photopolymer olusheshayo lwe-prototyping (1981).Isistimu yokuqala ye-3D ye-prototyping esheshayo ethembele ku-Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) yenziwa ngo-April 1992 ngabakwa-Stratasys kodwa ilungelo lobunikazi alizange likhishwe kwaze kwaba uJuni 9, 1992. I-Sanders Prototype, Inc yethule iphrinta yokuqala ye-inkjet ye-3D yedeskithophu (3DP) isebenzisa okwasungulwa kusukela ngo-Agasti 4,1992 (Helinski), i-Modelmaker 6Pro ngasekupheleni kuka-1993 kwase kuba iphrinta enkulu ye-3D yezimboni, i-Modelmaker 2, ngo-1997. I-Z-Corp isebenzisa i-MIT 3DP powder ebophezelayo ye-Direct Shell Casting (DSP) eyasungulwa ngo-1993 yethulwa emakethe ngo-1995. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi sasekuqaleni ubuchwepheshe babuthathwa njengenendawo ekusebenzeni kokukhiqiza.Ukulungiswa okuphansi, ukukhishwa kwamandla aphansi kwakunenani ekuqinisekisweni kwedizayini, ukwenziwa kwesikhunta, amajigi okukhiqiza nezinye izindawo.Imiphumela iqhubekele phambili kancane ekusetshenzisweni kwezicaciso eziphezulu.I-Sanders Prototype, Inc. (i-Solidscape) iqale njengomkhiqizi Wokuphrinta we-3D osheshayo nge-Modelmaker 6Pro ngokwenza amaphethini e-Thermoplas tic yamamodeli e-CAD isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-Drop-On-Demand (DOD) ye-inkjet yenozzle eyodwa.

Ukuqamba okusha kuhlale kufunwa, ukuthuthukisa isivinini kanye nekhono lokubhekana nezicelo zokukhiqiza ngobuningi.Intuthuko emangalisayo i-RP eyabelana ngayo nezindawo ze-CNC ezihlobene ukutholakala kwe-freeware okuvulekile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezihlanganisa lonke uchungechunge lwamathuluzi e-CAD-CAM.Lokhu kudale umphakathi wabakhiqizi bedivayisi ye-res ephansi.Abathanda izinto zokuzilibazisa baye benza ngisho nokungena emiklamo enzima kakhulu yedivayisi ene-laser

Uhlu lokuqala lwe-RP Processes or Fabrication Technologies olwanyatheliswa ngo-1993 lwabhalwa nguMarshall Burns futhi luchaza inqubo ngayinye kahle kakhulu.Iphinde isho nobunye ubuchwepheshe obekuzandulela kumagama akuhlu olungezansi.Isibonelo: I-Visual Impact Corporation ikhiqize kuphela iphrinta ye-prototype yokufakwa kwe-wax yase inika ilayisense lobunikazi ku-Sanders Prototype, Inc esikhundleni salokho.I-BPM isebenzise ama-inkjet nezinto zokwakha ezifanayo.